リプロな日記

中絶問題研究者~中絶ケア・カウンセラーの塚原久美のブログです

このノートは長いし,ほとんどが英文をそのまま引っ張ってきたものなので,興味のない方は飛ばしてくださいませ。

ところで,検索をかけてみたことがある人はご存じでしょうが,国連のデータベースは宝の山……なんだけど,何がどこにあるのか,とっても分かりにくい!! そこで,覚書を残しておくことにしました。一部訳してありますが,定訳はあたっていないし,あまり深く考えた訳でもないので,そのまま引用せずに参考までにとどめてください。もっと長くなって扱いに困ったら,過去日記の機能を使って,どこかに整理して溜めておこうかなと思っていますが,今日のところは勘弁してね。なお,今日は使わなかったけど,WHOのデータベースは,リプロ関連のトピックを探すにはわりと使いやすいと思います。

  • Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, New York, 18 December 1979 これが大本:女性差別撤廃条約

Objectives〈一部抜粋〉

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women is the most comprehensive treaty on women's human rights, establishing legally binding obligations to end discrimination. Often described as the international bill of rights for women, the Convention provides for equality between women and men in the enjoyment of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights.

Key Provisions〈一部抜粋〉

The Convention is the only human rights treaty to affirm the reproductive rights of women. In addition, it obliges States parties to modify the social and cultural patterns of conduct of men and women in order to eliminate prejudices and customs and all other practices which are based on the idea of the inferiority or superiority of either of the sexes or on stereotyped roles for men and women.

  • Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

(これが日本の女性差別撤廃条約批准状況。留保事項が皆無であることを押さえておきたい。)
表組みは面倒だし,文章はほとんどないので,URLをそのまま紹介します。

http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/22b020de61f10ba0c1256a2a0027ba1e/80256404004ff315c125638b005ed4eb?OpenDocument&ExpandSection=1#_Section1

(注:余談ですが,上記は国連人権高等弁務官事務所 OHCHR(OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS)の検索サイトhttp://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/から順に辿ることで出てきました。そこを見つけた大本のデータ一覧http://www.un.org/issues/docs/d-women.htmlも使えます。)

この中で「reproductionの健康の保護」が(たぶん)初めてうたわれた。

Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 34/180 of 18 December 1979

entry into force 3 September 1981, in accordance with article 27(1)

Article 11

1. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in the field of employment in order to ensure, on a basis of equality of men and women, the same rights, in particular:

(f) The right to protection of health and to safety in working conditions, including the safeguarding of the function of reproduction.

http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/cedaw.htm

日本弁護士連合会に邦訳と批准状況の一覧がありました。[2006/5/1追加]
http://www.nichibenren.or.jp/ja/humanrights_library/treaty/index.html

  • Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women

Proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 48/104 of 20 December 1993

前文(一部抜粋)

 ……
Recognizing that violence against women is a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between men and women, which have led to domination over and discrimination against women by men and to the prevention of the full advancement of women, and that violence against women is one of the crucial social mechanisms by which women are forced into a subordinate position compared with men,
 ……
Solemnly proclaims the following Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women and urges that every effort be made so that it becomes generally known and respected:

http://www.ohchr.org/english/law/eliminationvaw.htm

  • 国際法の拘束力の話  うーん,押さえておかねば。

Instruments

In international law - and in human rights law - there are different standard-setting instruments.
These instruments can be divided into two categories:

* binding instruments, commonly known as "hard law", and
* non-binding documents, also known as "soft law".

The first category, composed of Treaties, confers legal obligations to States Parties to these instruments. The second category, mainly composed of Declarations and Recommendations provides, as a rule, guidelines and principles and imposes moral obligations on States. Depending on the category, an instrument can thus have binding effect, value and justiciability to a higher or lesser degree. Some of these instruments are listed below.

    • BINDING INSTRUMENTS

A Charter is a written constitution, such as the Charter of the United Nations.

Treaties include covenants and conventions, all of which are agreements between States. The Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights are treaties. They both expand upon the rights and freedoms enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women is another example of a treaty.

By ratifying an instrument – or a treaty - States recognize their obligation to respect its terms. States that have not signed the treaty may also become a Party to it by using a simplified procedure called adherence, accession or acceptation. After ratification, acceptance or accession by States, treaties become binding.

    • NON-BINDING INSTRUMENTS

Non-binding instruments include declarations, recommendations and resolutions.

A declaration is a statement of principle or a common standard of achievement. A declaration can be contained in a resolution, however it does not create legal obligations for States and is therefore not binding in international law. Many declarations, however, have strong moral and political value.

Nevertheless, there are exceptions. Declarations may gain ‘binding value’ over time, mainly due to the importance paid to it by States. This is the case with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) that was adopted in 1948. Usually though, declarations have to be reproduced in conventions in order to become legally binding. One example is the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, which was reproduced in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.

States are usually invited to implement a recommendation, however it is not formally binding. One example is the UNESCO Recommendation on Participation by the People at Large in Cultural Life and their Contribution to It.

A resolution is a formal expression of opinion by a legislative body or a public meeting. The resolutions made by the United Nations General Assembly or the General Conference of UNESCO, are therefore an expression of the opinion of the Member States of these Organizations.

http://portal.unesco.org/shs/en/ev.php-URL_ID=3942&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html#binding

  • International Labour Standards concerning women workers

こちらは「産み育てる責任」に関して保護をうたったもの。

……
The Governing Body has categorised another, the Workers with Family Responsibilities Convention, 1981 (No. 156), as a basic human rights standard.(家族の責任を有する労働者に関する国際協定……かしらん?)

A number of other ILO Conventions provide for special conditions of work and special protection for women when they would be endangered by exposure to particular substances or situations in the workplace, and others provide for social security protection for women in pregnancy and child-bearing.(妊娠中および育児注の女性の保護)

The Maternity Protection Convention, 1919 (No. 3) and the Maternity Protection Convention (Revised), 1952 (No. 103) require the ratifying State to provide twelve weeks maternity leave from work during which time women shall be entitled to financial benefits and medical care and may not be dismissed. The employer shall not be liable for the cost of such benefits which should, for example, be paid by social insurance. In addition, the woman shall be entitled to nursing breaks during her working day. The revision of these Conventions is on the agenda of the Conference for 2000. The latter Convention is supplemented by Recommendation No. 95.(「母性保護」は1919年に早くもうたわれているわけです。この原文の探索は今度また……。)
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/norm/whatare/stndards/women.htm

  • Reproductive Health :A Marriage Between Social and Medical Sciences

By Kwasi Odoi-Agyarko
リプロダクティヴ・ヘルスに関する教育的エッセー。カイロ宣言の重要性が強調されている。囲みを見ると,30年以上前に開発された「近代的避妊法」のおかげで世界は変わった!……というけど,実のところ,日本は取り残されているんだよね。

http://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2002/issue3/0302p43_reproductive_health.html

  • World Contraceptive Use 2001: Substantial Use Increase in 1990s

世界の避妊状況。下の方の世界地図を見れば,日本の避妊率が先進国にしては異様に低いことが一目瞭然。

http://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2002/issue3/0302p44_world_contraceptive_use.html

ここでちょっとお休みね。