リプロな日記

中絶問題研究者~中絶ケア・カウンセラーの塚原久美のブログです

ICPDのProgramme of ActionとBeijing Declaration

何年も前からこだわってきたけど、やっと頭のなかが整理されてきました。まず、ICPDの行動綱領と、北京宣言から、"abortion"に言及している節を抜き出しました。

PROGRAMME OF ACTION OF THE UN ICPD

8.22. All countries, with the support of all sections of the international community, must expand the provision of maternal health services in the context of primary health care. These services, based on the concept of informed choice, should include education on safe motherhood, prenatal care that is focused and effective, maternal nutrition programmes, adequate delivery assistance that avoids excessive recourse to caesarean sections and provides for obstetric emergencies; referral services for pregnancy, childbirth and abortion complications; post-natal care and family planning. All births should be assisted by trained persons, preferably nurses and midwives, but at least by trained birth attendants. The underlying causes of maternal morbidity and mortality should be identified, and attention should be given to the development of strategies to overcome them and for adequate evaluation and monitoring mechanisms to assess the progress being made in reducing maternal mortality and morbidity and to enhance the effectiveness of ongoing programmes. Programmes and education to engage men's support for maternal health and safe motherhood should be developed.

8.25. In no case should abortion be promoted as a method of family planning. All Governments and relevant intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations are urged to strengthen their commitment to women's health, to deal with the health impact of unsafe abortion as a major public health concern and to reduce the recourse to abortion through expanded and improved family planning services. Prevention of unwanted pregnancies must always be given the highest priority and all attempts should be made to eliminate the need for abortion. Women who have unwanted pregnancies should have ready access to reliable information and compassionate counselling. Any measures or changes related to abortion within the health system can only be determined at the national or local level according to the national legislative process. In circumstances in which abortion is not against the law, such abortion should be safe. In all cases women should have access to quality services for the management of complications arising from abortion. Post-abortion counselling, education and family planning services should be offered promptly which will also help to avoid repeat abortions.
……

以下は第四回女性女性会議における1995年の北京宣言の関連部分です。

BEIJING DECLARATION AND PLATFORM FOR ACTION
FOURTH WORLD CONFERENCE ON WOMEN
(15 September 1995)

BEIJING DECLARATION

1. We, the Governments, participating in the Fourth World Conference on Women,
2. Gathered here in Beijing, in September 1995, the year of the fiftieth anniversary of the
founding of the United Nations,
3. Determined to advance the goals of equality, development and peace for all women
everywhere in the interest of all humanity,
4. Acknowledging the voices of all women everywhere and taking note of the diversity of women
and their roles and circumstances, honouring the women who paved the way and inspired by the
hope present in the world's youth,
5. Recognize that the status of women has advanced in some important respects in the past
decade but that progress has been uneven, inequalities between women and men have persisted
and major obstacles remain, with serious consequences for the well-being of all people,
6. Also recognize that this situation is exacerbated by the increasing poverty that is affecting the
lives of the majority of the world's people, in particular women and children, with origins in both the
national and international domains,
7. Dedicate ourselves unreservedly to addressing these constraints and obstacles and thus
enhancing further the advancement and empowerment of women all over the world, and agree that
this requires urgent action in the spirit of determination, hope, cooperation and solidarity, now and to
carry us forward into the next century.

reaffirm our commitment to:
8. The equal rights and inherent human dignity of women and men and other purposes and
principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, to the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights and other international human rights instruments, in particular the Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Convention on the Rights of the
Child, as well as the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women and the Declaration
on the Right to Development;
9. Ensure the full implementation of the human rights of women and of the girl child as an
inalienable, integral and indivisible part of all human rights and fundamental freedoms;
10. Build on consensus and progress made at previous United Nations conferences and
summits - on women in Nairobi in 1985, on children in New York in 1990, on environment and
development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, on human rights in Vienna in 1993, on population and
development in Cairo in 1994 and on social development in Copenhagen in 1995 with the objectives
of achieving equality, development and peace;
11. Achieve the full and effective implementation of the Nairobi Forward-looking Strategies for the
Advancement of Women;
12. The empowerment and advancement of women, including the right to freedom of thought,
conscience, religion and belief, thus contributing to the moral, ethical, spiritual and intellectual needs
of women and men, individually or in community with others and thereby guaranteeing them the
possibility of realising their full potential in society and shaping their lives in accordance with their own
aspirations.

are convinced that:
13. Women's empowerment and their full participation on the basis of equality in all spheres of
society, including participation in the decision-making process and access to power, are fundamental
for the achievement of equality, development and peace;
14. Women's rights are human rights;
15. Equal rights, opportunities and access to resources, equal sharing of responsibilities for the
family by men and women, and a harmonious partnership between them are critical to their wellbeing
and that of their families as well as to the consolidation of democracy;
16. Eradication of poverty based on sustained economic growth, social development,
environmental protection and social justice requires the involvement of women in economic and social
development and equal opportunities and the full and equal participation of women and men as
agents and beneficiaries of people-centred sustainable development;
17. The explicit recognition and reaffirmation of the right of all women to control all aspects of their
health, in particular their own fertility, is basic to their empowerment;
18. Local, national, regional and global peace is attainable and is inextricably linked with the
advancement of women, who are a fundamental force for leadership, conflict resolution and the
promotion of lasting peace at all levels;
19. It is essential to design, implement and monitor, with the full participation of women, effective,
efficient and mutually reinforcing gender-sensitive policies and programmes, including development
policies and programmes, at all levels that will foster the empowerment and advancement of women;
20. The participation and contribution of all actors of civil society, particularly women's groups and
networks and other non- governmental organisations and community-based organisations, with full
respect for their autonomy, in cooperation with Governments, are important to the effective
implementation and follow-up of the Platform for Action;
21. The implementation of the Platform for Action requires commitment from Governments and
the international community. By making national and international commitments for action, including
those made at the Conference, Governments and the international community recognize the need to
take priority action for the empowerment and advancement of women.

We are determined to:
22. Intensify efforts and actions to achieve the goals of the Nairobi Forward-looking Strategies for
the Advancement of Women by the end of this century;
23. Ensure the full enjoyment by women and the girl child of all human rights and fundamental
freedoms, and take effective action against violations of these rights and freedoms;
24. Take all necessary measures to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and the
girl child and remove all obstacles to gender equality and the advancement and empowerment of
women;
25. Encourage men to participate fully in all actions towards equality;
26. Promote women's economic independence, including employment, and eradicate the
persistent and increasing burden of poverty on women by addressing the structural causes of poverty
through changes in economic structures, ensuring equal access for all women, including those in
rural areas, as vital development agents, to productive resources, opportunities and public services;
27. Promote people-centred sustainable development, including sustained economic growth
through the provision of basic education, life-long education, literacy and training, and primary health
care for girls and women;
28. Take positive steps to ensure peace for the advancement of women and, recognizing the
leading role that women have played in the peace movement, work actively towards general and
complete disarmament under strict and effective international control, and support negotiations on the
conclusion, without delay, of a universal and multilaterally and effectively verifiable comprehensive
nuclear-test-ban treaty which contributes to nuclear disarmament and the prevention of the
proliferation of nuclear weapons in all its aspects;
29. Prevent and eliminate all forms of violence against women and girls;
30. Ensure equal access to and equal treatment of women and men in education and health care
and enhance women's sexual and reproductive health as well as education;
31. Promote and protect all human rights of women and girls;
32. Intensify efforts to ensure equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms for
all women and girls who face multiple barriers to their empowerment and advancement because of
such factors as their race, age, language, ethnicity, culture, religion, or disability, or because they are
indigenous people;
33. Ensure respect for international law, including humanitarian law, in order to protect women
and girls in particular;
34. Develop the fullest potential of girls and women of all ages, ensure their full and equal
participation in building a better world for all and enhance their role in the development process.

We are determined to:
35. Ensure women's equal access to economic resources including land, credit, science and
technology, vocational training, information, communication and markets, as a means to further the
advancement and empowerment of women and girls, including through the enhancement of their
capacities to enjoy the benefits of equal access to these resources, inter alia, by means of
international cooperation;
36. Ensure the success of the Platform for Action which will require a strong commitment on the
part of Governments, international organizations and institutions at all levels. We are deeply
convinced that economic development, social development and environmental protection are
interdependent and mutually reinforcing components of sustainable development, which is the
framework for our efforts to achieve a higher quality of life for all people. Equitable social
development that recognizes empowering the poor, particularly women living in poverty, to utilize
environmental resources sustainable is a necessary foundation for sustainable development. We also
recognize that broad-based and sustained economic growth in the context of sustainable
development is necessary to sustain social development and social justice. The success of the
Platform for Action will also require adequate mobilization of resources at the national and
international levels as well as new and additional resources to the developing countries from all
available funding mechanisms, including multilateral, bilateral and private sources for the
advancement of women; financial resources to strengthen the capacity of national, subregional,
regional and international institutions; a commitment to equal rights, equal responsibilities and equal
opportunities and to the equal participation of women and men in all national, regional and
international bodies and policy-making processes; the establishment or strengthening of mechanisms
at all levels for accountability to the world's women;
37. Ensure also the success of the Platform for Action in countries with economies in transition,
which will require continued international cooperation and assistance;
38. We hereby adopt and commit ourselves as Governments to implement the following Platform
for Action, ensuring that a gender perspective is reflected in all our policies and programmes. We
urge the United Nations system, regional and international financial institutions, other relevant
regional and international institutions and all women and men, as well as non-governmental
organizations, with full respect for their autonomy, and all sectors of civil society, in cooperation with
Governments, to fully commit themselves and contribute to the implementation of this Platform for
Action.

以上の宣言の中には、abortionsoのものへの言及はありません。次のPlatform for actionに出て来ます。

PLATFORM FOR ACTION
CHAPTER - I MISSION STATEMENT
……
CHAPTER II - GLOBAL FRAMEWORK
……
11. The end of the cold war has resulted in international changes and diminished competition
between the super-Powers. The threat of a global armed conflict has diminished, while international
relations have improved and prospects for peace among nations have increased. Although the threat
of global conflict has been reduced, wars of aggression, armed conflicts, colonial or other forms of
alien domination and foreign occupation, civil wars, terrorism and extremist violence continue to
plague many parts of the world. Grave violations of the human rights of women occur, particularly in
times of armed conflict, and include murder, torture, systematic rape, forced pregnancy and forced
abortion, in particular under policies of "ethnic cleansing".

93. Discrimination against girls, often resulting from son preference, in access to nutrition and
health-care services endangers their current and future health and well-being. Conditions that force
girls into early marriage, pregnancy and child-bearing and subject them to harmful practices, such as
female genital mutilation, pose grave health risks. Adolescent girls need, but too often do not have,
access to necessary health and nutrition services as they mature. Counselling and access to sexual
and reproductive health information and services for adolescents are still inadequate or lacking
completely, and a young woman's right to privacy, confidentiality, respect and informed consent is
often not considered. Adolescent girls are both biologically and psychosocially more vulnerable than
boys to sexual abuse, violence and prostitution, and to the consequences of unprotected and
premature sexual relations. The trend towards early sexual experience, combined with a lack of
information and services, increases the risk of unwanted and too early pregnancy, HIV infection and
other sexually transmitted diseases, as well as unsafe abortions. Early child-bearing continues to be
an impediment to improvements in the educational, economic and social status of women in all parts
of the world. Overall, for young women early marriage and early motherhood can severely curtail
educational and employment opportunities and are likely to have a long-term, adverse impact on the
quality of their lives and the lives of their children. Young men are often not educated to respect
women's self-determination and to share responsibility with women in matters of sexuality and
reproduction.

97. Further, women are subject to particular health risks due to inadequate responsiveness and
lack of services to meet health needs related to sexuality and reproduction. Complications related to
pregnancy and childbirth are among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity of women of
reproductive age in many parts of the developing world. Similar problems exist to a certain degree in
some countries with economies in transition. Unsafe abortions threaten the lives of a large number of
women, representing a grave public health problem as it is primarily the poorest and youngest who
take the highest risk. Most of these deaths, health problems and injuries are preventable through
improved access to adequate health-care services, including safe and effective family planning
methods and emergency obstetric care, recognizing the right of women and men to be informed and
to have access to safe, effective, affordable and acceptable methods of family planning of their
choice, as well as other methods of their choice for regulation of fertility which are not against the law,
and the right of access to appropriate health-care services that will enable women to go safely
through pregnancy and childbirth and provide couples with the best chance of having a healthy infant.
These problems and means should be addressed on the basis of the report of the International
Conference on Population and Development, with particular reference to relevant paragraphs of the
Programme of Action of the Conference. In most countries, the neglect of women's reproductive
rights severely limits their opportunities in public and private life, including opportunities for education
and economic and political empowerment. The ability of women to control their own fertility forms an
important basis for the enjoyment of other rights. Shared responsibility between women and men in
matters related to sexual and reproductive behaviour is also essential to improving women's health.

以下の、特に(k)がよく言及される部分ですね。

Strategic objective C.1.
Increase women's access throughout the life cycle to appropriate, affordable and quality
health care, information and related services

Actions to be taken

106 By Governments, in collaboration with non- governmental organizations and employers' and
workers' organizations and with the support of international institutions:
……
(j) Recognize and deal with the health impact of unsafe abortion as a major public health
concern, as agreed in paragraph 8.25 of the Programme of Action of the International
Conference on Population and Development;15
(k) Paragraph 8.25 of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on
Population and Development states: "In no case should abortion be promoted as a
method of family planning. All Governments and relevant intergovernmental and nongovernmental
organizations are urged to strengthen their commitment to women's
health, to deal with the health impact of unsafe abortion16 as a major public health
concern and to reduce the recourse to abortion through expanded and improved familyplanning
services. Prevention of unwanted pregnancies must always be given the
highest priority and every attempt should be made to eliminate the need for abortion.
Women who have unwanted pregnancies should have ready access to reliable
information and compassionate counselling. Any measures or changes related to
abortion within the health system can only be determined at the national or local level
according to the national legislative process. In circumstances where abortion is not
against the law, such abortion should be safe. In all cases, women should have access
to quality services for the management of complications arising from abortion. Postabortion
counselling, education and family-planning services should be offered
promptly, which will also help to avoid repeat abortions." Consider reviewing laws
containing punitive measures against women who have undergone illegal abortions;

107には"abortion"そのものへの言及はありませんが、関連しているので抜き出しておきます。

Strategic objective C.2.
Strengthen preventive programmes that promote women's health

Actions to be taken

107. By Governments, in cooperation with non-governmental organizations, the mass media, the
private sector and relevant international organizations, including United Nations bodies, as
appropriate:
(a) Give priority to both formal and informal educational programmes that support and
enable women to develop self-esteem, acquire knowledge, make decisions on and take
responsibility for their own health, achieve mutual respect in matters concerning
sexuality and fertility and educate men regarding the importance of women's health and
well-being, placing special focus on programmes for both men and women that
emphasize the elimination of harmful attitudes and practices, including female genital
mutilation, son preference (which results in female infanticide and prenatal sex
selection), early marriage, including child marriage, violence against women, sexual
exploitation, sexual abuse, which at times is conducive to infection with HIV/AIDS and
other sexually transmitted diseases, drug abuse, discrimination against girls and women
in food allocation and other harmful attitudes and practices related to the life, health and
well- being of women, and recognizing that some of these practices can be violations of
human rights and ethical medical principles;
(b) Pursue social, human development, education and employment policies to eliminate
poverty among women in order to reduce their susceptibility to ill health and to improve
their health;
(c) Encourage men to share equally in child care and household work and to provide their
share of financial support for their families, even if they do not live with them;
(d) Reinforce laws, reform institutions and promote norms and practices that eliminate
discrimination against women and encourage both women and men to take
responsibility for their sexual and reproductive behaviour, ensure full respect for the
integrity of the person, take action to ensure the conditions necessary for women to
exercise their reproductive rights and eliminate coercive laws and practices;
(e) Prepare and disseminate accessible information, through public health campaigns, the
media, reliable counselling and the education system, designed to ensure that women
and men, particularly young people, can acquire knowledge about their health,
especially information on sexuality and reproduction, taking into account the rights of the
child to access to information, privacy, confidentiality, respect and informed consent, as
well as the responsibilities, rights and duties of parents and legal guardians to provide,
in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child, appropriate direction
and guidance in the exercise by the child of the rights recognized in the Convention on
the Rights of the Child, and in conformity with the Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination against Women. In all actions concerning children, the best
interests of the child shall be a primary consideration;
……

Strategic objective C.3.の部分は、HIVなどSTD関連なので飛ばします。

Strategic objective C.4.
Promote research and disseminate information on women's health

Actions to be taken

109. By Governments, the United Nations system, health professions, research institutions, nongovernmental
organizations, donors, pharmaceutical industries and the mass media, as appropriate:
……
(i) Since unsafe abortion is a major threat to the health and life of women, research to
understand and better address the determinants and consequences of induced
abortion, including its effects on subsequent fertility, reproductive and mental health and
contraceptive practice, should be promoted, as well as research on treatment of
complications of abortions and post-abortion care;
……

115. Acts of violence against women also include forced sterilization and forced abortion,
coercive/forced use of contraceptives, prenatal sex selection and female infanticide.

以下は、男子選好による女児殺しと性別による選択的中絶の問題を扱っています。

Strategic objective L.2.
Eliminate negative cultural attitudes and practices against girls

Actions to be taken

277. By Governments and, as appropriate, international and non-governmental organizations:
……
(c) Eliminate all forms of discrimination against the girl child and the root causes of son
preference, which result in harmful and unethical practices such as prenatal sex
selection and female infanticide; this is often compounded by the increasing use of
technologies to determine foetal sex, resulting in abortion of female foetuses;
……